Posts in Category: 19th Century
Max Liebermann
Max Liebermann, July 20, 1847 – February 8, 1935, was a German painter, printmaker, and draftsman associated with Realism, Impressionism, and the Berlin Secession. Born in Berlin to a Jewish textile-manufacturing family, he studied at the Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School and worked in Paris and the Netherlands, where he developed subjects drawn from labor, orphanages, rural life, and urban leisure.
His paintings include early social-realist subjects, Dutch labor scenes, beach and terrace pictures, portraits, and late garden views at Wannsee. He was connected with German and French Impressionist circles and became a central figure in the Berlin Secession, serving as its president from 1899.
Liebermann influenced younger German painters through his exhibition leadership and public role rather than through a formal school. His work is held by the Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin; Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Städel Museum, Frankfurt; Neue Pinakothek, Munich; Museum Folkwang, Essen; and other major collections.
Paul Gabriël
Paul Joseph Constantin Gabriël (1828–1903) was a Dutch landscape painter of the Hague School. Born in Amsterdam, he was the son of the sculptor and painter Paul Joseph Gabriël. He studied at the State Academy of Fine Arts in Amsterdam, where he was a pupil of Louis Zocher, and later studied with Cornelis Lieste in Haarlem. He also spent time in Cleves, where Barend Cornelis Koekkoek had founded a drawing academy.
Gabriël became known for landscapes of the Dutch countryside, especially polders, waterways, windmills, and broad skies. His work was associated with the Hague School, though he often used a clearer and brighter palette than many of his contemporaries. He was connected with artists including Anton Mauve, Willem Roelofs, and Hendrik Willem Mesdag.
Gabriël also taught younger artists; Bernard van Beek is recorded among his pupils. Today his work is represented in major Dutch collections, including the Rijksmuseum, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, the Kröller-Müller Museum, and Kunstmuseum Den Haag.
Willard Metcalf
Willard Leroy Metcalf, American painter, July 1, 1858 – March 9, 1925.
Metcalf was born in Lowell, Massachusetts. He studied at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and later in Paris at the Académie Julian, where his teachers included Gustave Boulanger and Jules-Joseph Lefebvre. He also worked among American artists in Grez-sur-Loing and Giverny.
Metcalf lived and worked in Boston, Paris, Giverny, New York, Gloucester, Old Lyme, Cornish, and other New England locations. He returned from Europe in 1888, settled mainly in New York, and became closely associated with the Old Lyme Art Colony and the Cornish Art Colony.
His early work included figure painting and illustration, but he became best known as an American Impressionist landscape painter. His major subjects include New England villages, meadows, hillsides, gardens, and seasonal landscapes, especially winter and spring scenes.
Metcalf was a member of the Ten American Painters, the group formed by artists who broke from the Society of American Artists in 1897–1898. He taught at Cooper Union and the Art Students League in New York. His honors included membership in the American Watercolor Society and later recognition by the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
