Posts in Category: 19th Century
Arthur Rackham
Arthur Rackham, September 19, 1867 – September 6, 1939, was an English illustrator and painter born in London. He studied at the City of London School and the Lambeth School of Art.
Rackham worked as a book and magazine illustrator and became one of the best-known British illustrators of the early twentieth century. His illustrated books include Rip Van Winkle, Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Grimm's Fairy Tales, The Rhinegold & the Valkyrie, and The Romance of King Arthur.
Rackham worked in pen and ink, watercolor, and book illustration. He died in Limpsfield, Surrey, in 1939.
Gabriel von Max
Gabriel von Max, August 23, 1840 – November 24, 1915, was an Austrian-born painter active mainly in Munich. He studied in Prague, Vienna, and Munich, and became associated with late nineteenth-century Symbolism and academic painting.
His work included religious subjects, literary scenes, portraits, and images connected with spiritualism and psychical research. He was also known for paintings of monkeys, often presenting them in human roles or situations.
Von Max taught at the Munich Academy and built large collections related to anthropology, ethnography, and natural history. His interests in science, mysticism, and animal behavior shaped much of his mature work.
Gustave Caillebotte
Gustave Caillebotte, August 19, 1848 – February 21, 1894, was a French painter, collector, and patron of the Impressionists. Although closely associated with the Impressionist movement, his paintings are distinguished by their precise draftsmanship, unusual perspectives, and realistic depictions of modern Paris and suburban life.
Caillebotte studied law before turning to art and trained under Léon Bonnat at the École des Beaux-Arts. He exhibited with the Impressionists beginning in 1876 and became one of the group’s principal financial supporters, helping to organize exhibitions and purchasing works by artists including Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Edgar Degas, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley, and Berthe Morisot. His collection later formed a major part of the French national holdings of Impressionist art.
His paintings explore Parisian boulevards, bridges, interiors, gardens, rivers, boating, and scenes along the Yerres and the Seine. Although less celebrated than some of his contemporaries during his lifetime, Caillebotte is now recognized as one of the leading painters of French Impressionism and one of its most important patrons.
Martin Johnson Heade
Martin Johnson Heade was born on August 11, 1819, in Lumberville, Pennsylvania, and died on September 4, 1904, in St. Augustine, Florida. He was an American painter associated with the Hudson River School and Luminism, although his mature work developed a distinctive style of its own. He is best known for landscapes, marsh scenes, tropical subjects, and paintings of hummingbirds and orchids.
Heade studied with the folk painter Edward Hicks and traveled widely throughout the eastern United States and Europe during the 1840s and 1850s. He was a friend of Frederic Edwin Church and maintained close ties with artists of the Hudson River School while pursuing his own interest in atmospheric light, coastal marshes, and the natural history of tropical America. During the 1860s and 1870s he made several trips to Central and South America, producing numerous paintings of hummingbirds, orchids, and tropical landscapes.
Although respected during his lifetime, Heade never achieved the fame of many of his contemporaries and was largely forgotten after his death. Interest in his work revived in the mid-twentieth century through the efforts of art historians and museum exhibitions. Today his paintings are held by major museums throughout the United States and he is recognized as one of the leading figures in nineteenth-century American landscape painting.
Kuroda Seiki
Kuroda Seiki, August 9, 1866 – July 15, 1924, was a Japanese painter and one of the founders of modern Western-style (yōga) painting in Japan. Born in Kagoshima, he studied law before turning to art, training for nearly a decade in Paris under the academic painter Raphaël Collin.
After returning to Japan in 1893, Kuroda introduced plein-air painting, Impressionist influences, and modern European techniques to Japanese audiences. He taught at the Tokyo School of Fine Arts, helped establish the White Horse Society (Hakubakai), and played a central role in the development of Japanese oil painting during the Meiji period.
Kuroda’s paintings include portraits, landscapes, figure studies, interiors, and floral subjects. He later served as director of the Imperial Art Academy and was named to the House of Peers. Today his works are held by the Tokyo National Museum, the Kuroda Memorial Hall, and major museums throughout Japan.
Christian Krohg
Christian Krohg, August 13, 1852 – October 16, 1925, was a Norwegian painter, writer, journalist, and teacher.
He was associated with naturalist painting and with the Kristiania Bohemians. His work often addressed social subjects, including poverty, prostitution, labor, and urban life.
Krohg taught at the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts and influenced later Norwegian artists, including Edvard Munch.
George Bellows
George Wesley Bellows, August 12, 1882 – January 8, 1925, was an American painter and lithographer associated with the Ashcan School. Born in Columbus, Ohio, he studied at Ohio State University before moving to New York, where he trained with Robert Henri at the New York School of Art.
Bellows painted urban street scenes, boxing subjects, construction sites, portraits, seascapes, and later family and rural subjects. He was associated with Henri’s circle and with artists including John Sloan, William Glackens, George Luks, and Everett Shinn.
Bellows taught at the Art Students League of New York and made lithographs as a major part of his later work. His work is held by the Columbus Museum of Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art, the Art Institute of Chicago, the National Gallery, London, and other major collections.
Max Liebermann
Max Liebermann, July 20, 1847 – February 8, 1935, was a German painter, printmaker, and draftsman associated with Realism, Impressionism, and the Berlin Secession. Born in Berlin to a Jewish textile-manufacturing family, he studied at the Weimar Saxon-Grand Ducal Art School and worked in Paris and the Netherlands, where he developed subjects drawn from labor, orphanages, rural life, and urban leisure.
His paintings include early social-realist subjects, Dutch labor scenes, beach and terrace pictures, portraits, and late garden views at Wannsee. He was connected with German and French Impressionist circles and became a central figure in the Berlin Secession, serving as its president from 1899.
Liebermann influenced younger German painters through his exhibition leadership and public role rather than through a formal school. His work is held by the Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin; Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Städel Museum, Frankfurt; Neue Pinakothek, Munich; Museum Folkwang, Essen; and other major collections.
Paul Gabriël
Paul Joseph Constantin Gabriël (1828–1903) was a Dutch landscape painter of the Hague School. Born in Amsterdam, he was the son of the sculptor and painter Paul Joseph Gabriël. He studied at the State Academy of Fine Arts in Amsterdam, where he was a pupil of Louis Zocher, and later studied with Cornelis Lieste in Haarlem. He also spent time in Cleves, where Barend Cornelis Koekkoek had founded a drawing academy.
Gabriël became known for landscapes of the Dutch countryside, especially polders, waterways, windmills, and broad skies. His work was associated with the Hague School, though he often used a clearer and brighter palette than many of his contemporaries. He was connected with artists including Anton Mauve, Willem Roelofs, and Hendrik Willem Mesdag.
Gabriël also taught younger artists; Bernard van Beek is recorded among his pupils. Today his work is represented in major Dutch collections, including the Rijksmuseum, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, the Kröller-Müller Museum, and Kunstmuseum Den Haag.
Willard Metcalf
Willard Leroy Metcalf, American painter, July 1, 1858 – March 9, 1925.
Metcalf was born in Lowell, Massachusetts. He studied at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and later in Paris at the Académie Julian, where his teachers included Gustave Boulanger and Jules-Joseph Lefebvre. He also worked among American artists in Grez-sur-Loing and Giverny.
Metcalf lived and worked in Boston, Paris, Giverny, New York, Gloucester, Old Lyme, Cornish, and other New England locations. He returned from Europe in 1888, settled mainly in New York, and became closely associated with the Old Lyme Art Colony and the Cornish Art Colony.
His early work included figure painting and illustration, but he became best known as an American Impressionist landscape painter. His major subjects include New England villages, meadows, hillsides, gardens, and seasonal landscapes, especially winter and spring scenes.
Metcalf was a member of the Ten American Painters, the group formed by artists who broke from the Society of American Artists in 1897–1898. He taught at Cooper Union and the Art Students League in New York. His honors included membership in the American Watercolor Society and later recognition by the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
